Instructional leadership studies are plentiful but have many shortcomings, including lack of definition of key variables, problems of causality, overrepresentation of exemplary schools, and lack of validity and reliability in research design and implementation. Definitions of "leadership" and "instruction" are needed. There is…

This paper reports on a cost analysis of Kings Park (New York) Central School District's expenditures for special education services and relates that analysis to a comparison of proposed models of service delivery. The first section of the paper reviews the current status of New York State's initiative to document educational outcomes for special…