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Hobbs, Renee; Moen, Mary; Tang, Rongwei; Steager, Pamela – Educational Media International, 2022
Even though media literacy education has grown in the United States and around the world, policymakers still lack knowledge about the scope and depth of implementation of media literacy learning activities in the elementary and secondary grades. This study reports how the Media Literacy Implementation Index (MLI) was developed and validated using…
Descriptors: Media Literacy, Curriculum Implementation, Elementary Secondary Education, Test Construction
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Zhou, Shuqi; Merzdorf, Hillary E.; Douglas, Kerrie A.; Moore, Tamara J. – Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 2023
This study aimed to develop a K-12 classroom observation protocol to assess K-12 teachers' implementation of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) integration. The intended purpose of the observation protocol is for researchers to examine how K-12 teachers implement the STEM integrated curriculum. Based on research on STEM…
Descriptors: Test Construction, Test Validity, STEM Education, Classroom Observation Techniques