One in every six adults in the United States is an immigrant. These immigrant adults contribute to the vitality of local communities and economies across the country, but many also face barriers to integration and economic mobility, including limited English proficiency, varied levels of formal education, and persistent employment in low-wage…

Research is mixed about which program approaches are most effective, but researchers agree that English learners (ELs) perform better academically and achieve greater language proficiency when they have some type of English language instruction. Program approaches vary widely, but the most common types include: (1) English as a Second Language:…

A survey of training programs for teachers of English as a Second Language is presented. The survey focused on 177 graduate level ESL teacher education programs. The study categorized 177 graduate-level programs into three groups. Over 1,300 different course titles occurring 2,567 times across the programs are integrated in 27 areas that are later…

This study, undertaken from 1983-84 through 1988-89, compared the relative effectiveness of two alternative programs (structured English immersion and late-exit transitional bilingual education) with that of the program typically funded through the Bilingual Education Act, the early-exit transitional bilingual education program. The…

Results of the National Center for Education Statistics' 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) concerning identification of and services to limited-English-proficient (LEP) students are reported in narrative and tabular forms. The survey is the largest and most comprehensive data set available about schools in the United States. Highlights of…