Publication Date
In 2025 | 18 |
Since 2024 | 64 |
Since 2021 (last 5 years) | 225 |
Since 2016 (last 10 years) | 483 |
Since 2006 (last 20 years) | 671 |
Descriptor
Difficulty Level | 738 |
English (Second Language) | 738 |
Second Language Learning | 738 |
Foreign Countries | 459 |
Second Language Instruction | 372 |
Teaching Methods | 208 |
Language Tests | 192 |
Language Proficiency | 171 |
Student Attitudes | 154 |
College Students | 140 |
Undergraduate Students | 121 |
More ▼ |
Source
Author
Al-Jarf, Reima | 10 |
Chang, Chi-Cheng | 6 |
Gilabert, Roger | 5 |
Brunfaut, Tineke | 4 |
Perkins, Kyle | 4 |
Chen, I-Jung | 3 |
Kim, YouJin | 3 |
Martiniello, Maria | 3 |
Namaziandost, Ehsan | 3 |
Papageorgiou, Spiros | 3 |
Rahimpour, Massoud | 3 |
More ▼ |
Publication Type
Education Level
Audience
Teachers | 18 |
Practitioners | 15 |
Researchers | 2 |
Administrators | 1 |
Students | 1 |
Location
China | 59 |
Iran | 49 |
Japan | 33 |
Turkey | 30 |
South Korea | 27 |
Saudi Arabia | 25 |
Taiwan | 20 |
Thailand | 16 |
Hong Kong | 15 |
Indonesia | 15 |
United Kingdom | 15 |
More ▼ |
Laws, Policies, & Programs
No Child Left Behind Act 2001 | 1 |
Assessments and Surveys
What Works Clearinghouse Rating
Derek N. Canning; Stuart McLean; Joseph P. Vitta – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2024
Recent studies have shown that the frequency effect, although long used as a guide to word difficulty, fails to explain all variance in learner word knowledge. As such, a "more than frequency" conclusion has been offered to explain how lexical sophistication accounts for word difficulty. This study presents a multiple regression model of…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Vocabulary, College Students, Incidence
Xiaopeng Zhang; Nan Gong – Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2024
This study examined how linguistic complexity features contribute to second language (L2) processing effort by analyzing the Dutch English-L2 learners' eye movements from GECO and MECO, two eye-tracking corpora. Processing effort was operationalized as reading rate, mean fixation duration, regression rate, skipping rate, and mean saccade…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Linguistics, Language Processing, English (Second Language)
Özlem Canaran; Ilknur Bayram; Murat Dogan; Meltem Huri Baturay – International Journal of Listening, 2024
Recent research focusing on the sources of listening anxiety identified individual and external factors (IEF), listeners' control over input (LC), and perceived level of task difficulty (PTD) as the main causes of anxiety among L2 listeners. This correlational study aims to explore whether the sources of anxiety in L2 listening have a causal…
Descriptors: Listening Skills, Anxiety, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language)
Putu Wia Rosita Dewi; Gusti Putu Arya Arimbawa; Harjuli Surya Putra; Abas Oya; I Made Candiasa; Aay Susilawati – International Journal of Language Education, 2025
This study provides an overview of the level of students' cognitive load in learning English in vocational schools. A quantitative descriptive study uses a cross-sectional survey conducted to measure the level of cognitive load of students in learning English in vocational schools. The subjects are 69 respondents who are students from one of the…
Descriptors: Career and Technical Education, High School Students, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Ju Zhan; Qiyu Sun; Lawrence Jun Zhang – Language Teaching Research, 2024
The present study investigated the potential of writing in English as a foreign language (EFL) for language learning by manipulating cognitive task complexity based on related models and hypotheses. English essays written by 59 Chinese postgraduate EFL students from different subject areas were analysed with reference to writing complexity,…
Descriptors: Syntax, Writing (Composition), Difficulty Level, Vocabulary
Alghamdi, Emad A.; Gruba, Paul; Velloso, Eduardo – Modern Language Journal, 2022
Although core in the teaching of academic language skills, little research to date has investigated what makes video-recorded lectures difficult for language learners. As part of a larger program to develop automated videotext complexity measures, this study reports on selected dimensions of linguistic complexity to understand how they contribute…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Second Language Learning, Video Technology, Language Skills
Apichat Khamboonruang – Language Testing in Asia, 2025
Chulalongkorn University Language Institute (CULI) test was developed as a local standardised test of English for professional and international communication. To ensure that the CULI test fulfils its intended purposes, this study employed Kane's argument-based validation and Rasch measurement approaches to construct the validity argument for the…
Descriptors: Universities, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Language Tests
Huan Kang; Hong Chen – Education and Information Technologies, 2025
This study investigates the effects of online instructors' use of initiation and maintenance rapport-building strategies (RBS) on Chinese EFL learners' CALL motivation and cognitive load management. Mixed methods research was used to concurrently triangulate different strands of data on the effects of RBS on 86 randomly sampled EFL learners. The…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Teacher Student Relationship, Cognitive Processes
Jiang, Michael Yi-Chao; Jong, Morris Siu-Yung; Lau, Wilfred Wing-Fat; Chai, Ching-Sing; Wu, Na – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2023
Background: While automatic speech recognition (ASR) is increasingly used for commercial purposes, its influence on the learners' linguistic performance in terms of oral complexity, accuracy and fluency was under-explored. To date, few studies have been conducted to investigate how the dictation ASR technology could be incorporated into language…
Descriptors: Speech Communication, Automation, Accuracy, Language Fluency
Elin Thordardottir – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2024
Language acquisition and Language Maintenance (LM) both depend on ample opportunity and motivation. Currently, many national language societies are undergoing Language Shift (LS) to English, impacting their acquisition as first (L1) and possibly even more as second (L2) language. This study interviewed 44 adolescents, including 24 L1 and 20 L2…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Indo European Languages, Native Language, Bilingualism
Punyapa Boontam; Supakorn Phoocharoensil – PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 2024
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of data-driven learning (DDL) in L2 writing instruction. This paper examined whether and to what extent DDL activities could enhance the writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of 30 Thai EFL learners. The presentation of DDL in this study was hands-on concordancing with the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Data Use, Difficulty Level
Feng Feng; Wenxia Yang – Education and Information Technologies, 2025
The emergence of digital game types has opened up significant opportunities to facilitate language acquisition through feedback provision, attracting diverse research strands to explore their potential as arenas for technology-assisted language learning. This study investigates the effects of learner-, peer-, and collaborative-regulated feedback…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Computer Games, Game Based Learning, Feedback (Response)
Noboru Sakai – Journal of Educators Online, 2025
This study aims to investigate ChatGPT's ability to comprehend input from nonnative speakers, specifically those learning English as a second language, with Japanese speakers serving as the model population. The experiment examines how ChatGPT evaluates the difficulty levels of the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), which is…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Artificial Intelligence, Native Speakers, English (Second Language)
Ajabshir, Zahra Fakher; Ebadi, Saman – Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 2023
This study investigates the effects of teacher-focused feedback (TF) and automatic writing evaluation (AWE) on global writing performance as well as syntactic complexity, accuracy, lexical diversity, and fluency (CALF) of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' narrative and argumentative writings. The participants were randomly assigned to…
Descriptors: Automation, Writing Evaluation, Feedback (Response), Syntax
Rosa Maria Manchón; Sophie McBride; María Dolores Mellado Martínez; Olena Vasylets – Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2023
This study examined the independent effects of working memory (WM) and the interactive effects of WM/L2 proficiency and WM/task complexity on L2 written performance. The study followed a within--between-participant factorial design, with two levels of task complexity as the within-participant variable and L2 proficiency and WM as…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Language Proficiency, Second Language Learning, Task Analysis