Studies of EFL teachers' professional identity have experienced a sociological turn. As a result, much research attention has been showered upon exploring EFL teachers' identity construction under the multiple interactions of individual and social factors. However, there are few documented studies concerning the EFL teachers at tutoring…

The recent dynamic turn in second language acquisition research has called for an investigation in learner agency by taking its complex dynamic nature into account. Informed by complex dynamic systems theory (CDST), this study investigated the agency of learners in a complex educational context where mainstream schooling and private tutoring…

Recent attention on ChatGPT, a prominent AI language model, highlights its potential in assisting EFL writing. Although ChatGPT's capabilities involve grammar correction, vocabulary enrichment and sentence structuring, its full potential alongside human scaffolding in EFL writing classrooms remains unexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by…

Motivated by the proliferation of artificial intelligence that has the potential to promote self-access learning, this study utilizes a sequential explanatory quasi-experimental mixed methods design to investigate the efficacy of Google Assistant (GA) in facilitating second language (L2) vocabulary learning compared to online dictionaries. A…

This study explores the integration of advanced AI technologies, including emotion detection and adaptive learning systems, to enhance second language acquisition among 274 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Utilizing a pretest-posttest randomized control trial, the research evaluates the effects of AI-enhanced interventions on…

Facilitated by the increased availability of affordable broadband Internet, individuals around the world are taking language lessons online from private tutors. A large proportion of online language tutoring takes place through online teaching platforms (OTPs), which are two-sided online markets that connect individual learners and tutors for…

This study explored the effect of ChatGPT on the speaking self-efficacy level of English as foreign language learners. The research followed the mixed method approach and involved a total of 65 participants who were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group used the ChatGPT for communicative activities, while…

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate how tutors approached second language (L2) errors when working with advanced graduate students in structured one-on-one feedback sessions. Method: The longitudinal, qualitative case study used data from immediate, retrospective tutor reflections and in-session interactions to follow two…

This paper approaches AI in TEFL teacher education from a perspective of digital text sovereignty (digitale Textsouveränität). Digital sovereignty (digitale Souveränität) is a concept that goes beyond media literacy and data literacy as a set of skills, to include personal competences in a more Humboldtian vision of education. Digital text…

We present findings across three randomized trials of "Descubriendo la Lectura" (DLL), an intervention designed to improve literacy skills of Spanish-speaking first graders struggling with reading. DLL is a one-to-one Spanish-language literacy program lasting 12-20 weeks offered to a school's lowest performing emerging bilingual first…

Unequal access to language learning resources has been exacerbated by the global expansion of English private tutoring (EPT). Despite its popularity, no study has examined the implications of EPT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this mixed-methods study explored the nature and effectiveness of EPT that first-year Kazakhstani undergraduate…

The present study investigates the potential of ChatGPT as an L2 teaching support and aims to explore the extent to which this Generative AI-powered tool is helpful for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. Therefore, this exploratory single instrumental case study followed an EFL teacher using ChatGPT for seven months, from January to…

This study examines the role of shadow education as a contributor to educational inequality in South Korea. Using data from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study (KELS), this paper analyzes the effects of private tutoring at 10th and 12th grade level on College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) scores. We reduce biases in prior research by using…

The recent surge of online language learning services in the past decade has benefitted second language learners. However, there is a lack of understanding of whether learners, especially young learners, are engaged in online learning, and how educators can enhance the engagement of the online learning experience. This study examines an artificial…

Private tutoring (PT) has significantly expanded worldwide in recent decades. Despite its popularity and implications for the operation of formal education systems and cultural and social development, research on English private tutoring (EPT) is still in its infancy. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory (1994), this mixed-methods study is…