Crews of 18 U.S. Navy combat vessels rated their living and working conditions aboard ship, including degree of crowding. Three different types of measures corresponding to different definitions of crowding were constructed. These separate crowding measures correlated uniquely with satisfaction and illness criteria. (Author/MA)

Study found that social density is more strongly related to crowding ratings than is spatial density. Predictors of pleasantness include work-play, amount of space, waiting, and percent of people alone or unaccompanied. (Author/MA)

Eye contact with a stranger was relatively rare in center-city Philadelphia, more common in a suburb, and very common in a small rural town. Speaking occurred only with eye contact. These results suggest that social interaction in the city is an adaptation to overload of interpersonal contacts. (Author/MA)

Examines the differential effects of spatial density of five-year-old children. Generally, normal children motorically adjusted to a high-density condition to a greater degree than children with behavior problems. Anxious and impulsive children were especially distressed by a high-density condition, compared to normals. (Author/MA)