Uses a simple investment model to show that apprenticeship programs have been made unnecessarily long by organized labor. (BH)

A study found that women in female-dominated jobs earned 6-15 percent less than women with the same characteristics in other occupations. These results support the hypothesis that women are crowded into "female" jobs because of employer discrimination, resulting in lower wages for these jobs. (JOW)

From 1976 to 1992, gender integration of occupations proceeded more rapidly and steadily in the federal civil service than in the general economy. Increasing numbers of women moved into traditional male occupations; little of this progress was attributed to changes in women's education or seniority. (SK)

This paper presents a new form of evidence supporting the hypothesis that job opportunities decline with age. Segregation curves reveal that newly hired old workers tend to be clustered in a smaller set of industries and occupations than both newly hired young workers and all old workers. (JOW)

This study attempts to isolate the role of discrimination in determining racial differences in occupational structure. Logit techniques are used to identify and distinguish between determinants of the probability that an individual will choose an occupation and the probability that an individual will be hired for a desired job. (JOW)

In estimating earnings equations for seven occupations, when fringe benefits are excluded, women receive significantly lower wages in all but the most female-dominated occupation. Including fringe benefits makes gender significant in only one occupational category. Crowding of one gender into an occupation appears the primary determinant of the…

Census data from 1940-80 illustrate that African-American women's increased relative wages resulted from entry into occupations in which they were previously unrepresented. Their increased wages and occupational status are largely a result of decreases in racial discrimination by occupation and industry, although in the South discrimination had…

A content analysis of 153 Federal court cases charging violations of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act showed that 57 percent were brought on behalf of white males in professional and managerial occupations; women were more successful plaintiffs; and employers won nearly two out of three cases. (Author/SK)

Data from university economics departments from 1973, 1977, 1982, and 1987 show that departments ranked highest in scholarly productivity were least likely to hire female faculty; those hiring fewer women in the 1970s declined in publication rank; and the research output of women in the 1970s was greater than men at comparable institutions. (SK)

Analysis of multiple data sets (1983-1998) shows that older workers face substantial barriers to entry in occupations with steep ratios of earnings and experience, pension benefits, and computer usage. Older men have limited access to jobs with union coverage. Older women are concentrated in occupations with flextime, part-time work, and day…

Examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Concludes that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women, but that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. (NRJ)

Contains results of a study of racial discrimination in the British job market for accountants and financial executives. Results show that considerable discrimination remains several years after the adoption of the Race Relations Act of 1968. (CT)

General Social Survey 1989-96 data indicate that gay/bisexual men experienced a 30-32% income disadvantage and lesbian/bisexual women a 17-23% wage premium. Results support other findings that wage differences are attributable to employer bias. Further analyses suggests that differentials once attributed to marital status may reflect unobserved…

The author describes the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law of 1985 and assesses its impact on economic opportunities for Japanese women. She argues that two aspects of Japan's socioeconomic environment--the lifetime employment system and the labor supply pattern of Japanese women--diminish its likely impact. (Author/CH)

To investigate whether unions have helped or hindered the employment prospects of minorities and women, the author analyzes data on 1,273 California manufacturing plants for the period 1974-80. The main finding is that, with the exception of Hispanic females, unions have not been a significant impediment to minority or female blue-collar…