Presents an account of the proceedings at the conference, including recommendations, discussions, examination of agenda items, adoption of resolutions, and debate on the report of the Director-General as well as his reply. (CT)

Union efforts to increase representation of women in leadership include (1) strong policy commitment; (2) identification of factors/barriers affecting women's leadership; (3) intensified training; and (4) organizational/structural changes such as alteration of rules and adoption of quotas. (SK)

Review of national legislation and key cases on sexual harassment in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa identified the following trends: recognition of harassment as employment discrimination, the importance of the legal framework used and the composition of the hearing body, the issue of individual or employer liability, and the influence of…

Substantive equality encompasses equality of results, opportunity, and human dignity. To implement it requires an incremental approach ranging from voluntary participation to penalties for noncompliance, active participation of all stakeholders, and empowerment of disadvantaged groups. (SK)

Reviewing measures taken by governments, employers, and workers' organizations, the author concludes that while some factors are helping to increase the number of women in nontraditional jobs, other factors such as unemployment and the institutionalization of occupational segregation are working against it. (Author/SK)

Discusses the history of reverse discrimination in employment and how it affects judicial treatment of affirmative action programs in the United States. (CT)

Less emphasis should be placed on numbers of disabled people employed and more on their equitable distribution within organizations. An affirmative action model categorizing jobs as nonable-body dominated and able-body dominated would distinguish types of disability and reduce structural barriers to employment. (SK)

Women with disabilities have limited access to the labor market owing to the double disadvantage of being both disabled and female. The current rehabilitation system is inadequate to meet this population's needs. Further research, broader action programs, changes in vocational rehabilitation, and active measures against discrimination are needed.…

Examines recent progress under European Economic Community (EEC) and national law towards equality of opportunity and treatment in employment. The first part deals with decisions of the EEC Court of Justice; the second part depicts legislation and case law in the 10 member countries. (SK)

The author believes that protective legislation in Australia has made women second-class citizens. He argues that while the elimination of discriminatory laws may help to improve women's employment prospects, the real need is for a concerted attempt to change attitudes that deny women equal opportunities in training, appointment, and promotion.…

Describes the main forms of supported employment and the essential components of effective vocational rehabilitation programs for those with severe disabilities, considers their cost effectiveness, and outlines successful programs in the United States, Britain, and Italy. (JOW)

Recent research on masculinity contributes to understanding of gender as an integral component of social order. Gender inequality lies within a broader context of social justice failures. A new policy framework should be based on a human capabilities approach. (Contains 120 references.) (SK)

The author discusses steps that have been made in Australia over the past decade to promote equal opportunity and treatment in employment, with the cause of working women being advanced by both legislation and case law. (Author/CT)

In the first of three articles in this issue on special protective legislation for women workers, the author explains that the Nordic countries are generally opposed to protection on the basis of sex. Reviewing work environment and equal opportunity legislation, the arguments for and against special protection are presented. (SK)

A review of econometric literature on female-male wage differences and asymmetrical distribution in occupations shows that differences in returns to human capital (i.e., discrimination) explains far more of the wage gap than differences in education and experience. Crowding of women into few occupations depresses wages. (SK)