Despite substantial interest and research in measuring leader's skills, little is known about the measurement equivalence and mean differences in the scores measuring principals' skills (cognitive, interpersonal, strategic) across cultures (collectivism versus individualism). The aim of the present study was to assess measurement…

Combining diverse methods in a single study raises a problem: What should be done when the findings of one method of investigation conflict with those of another? The authors illustrate this problem using an example in which three study phases--quantitative, qualitative, and intervention--are applied. The findings from the quantitative phase did…

For a growing number of test translations, there is a need for equating that provides scores that can be used interchangeably for both source- and target-language forms, but basic equating requirements cannot usually be met in the cross-lingual case. The situation is more problematic in verbal tests, where translation has more impact on item…

Discusses the comparison of groups of individuals who were administered different forms of a test. Focuses on the situation in which there is little overlap in content between the test forms. Reviews equating problems in national tests in Canada and Israel. (SLD)

Developed a method for evaluating cross-lingual equating and applied it to 12 forms of the Psychometric Entrance Test for admission to Israeli universities, a test translated from Hebrew into five languages. Discusses significance of the results and the differences between the two target-languages. (SLD)

Equating error was estimated using the same test with three linear equating methods in three paradigms--single-link equating; circular equating through a chain; and pseudo-circular equating, in which a test is equated to itself through equating chains. Over 31,000 Psychometric Entrance Test scores of college applicants in Israel were analyzed.…