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Direct linkMonteiro, Kátia; Crossley, Scott; Botarleanu, Robert-Mihai; Dascalu, Mihai – Language Testing, 2023
Lexical frequency benchmarks have been extensively used to investigate second language (L2) lexical sophistication, especially in language assessment studies. However, indices based on semantic co-occurrence, which may be a better representation of the experience language users have with lexical items, have not been sufficiently tested as…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Second Languages, Native Language, Semantics
Enright, Mary K.; Quinlan, Thomas – Language Testing, 2010
E-rater[R] is an automated essay scoring system that uses natural language processing techniques to extract features from essays and to model statistically human holistic ratings. Educational Testing Service has investigated the use of e-rater, in conjunction with human ratings, to score one of the two writing tasks on the TOEFL-iBT[R] writing…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Scoring, Essays, Language Processing
