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Roos, Bertil; Hamilton, David – Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice, 2005
This paper considers alternative assessment, feedback and cybernetics. For more than 30 years, debates about the bi-polarity of formative and summative assessment have served as surrogates for discussions about the workings of the mind, the social implications of assessment and, as important, the role of instruction in the advancement of learning.…
Descriptors: Feedback, Formative Evaluation, Cybernetics, Constructivism (Learning)

Bloom, Benjamin S. – Teaching Education, 1988
A review of the development and innovation of testing at the higher education level focuses on Ralph Tyler's testing emphasis on the educational process and the objectives of instruction, a precursor to the current trend of integrating formative evaluation into the curriculum development process. (CB)
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Evaluation Methods, Formative Evaluation, Higher Education