An acceptable substitute for the straight and bent knee sit up exercise is described. (JD)

The efficacy of blood doping (infusion of blood into an athlete's circulatory system) has not been established and merits further research. (JD)

The various roles of the exercise program professional are discussed. The exercise professional needs to be a jack-of-all-trades. Graduate departments have developed professional programs to prepare students for work in various agencies. The admission standards, curriculum requirements, and internship programs are described. (JN)

Postural deviations resulting from strength and flexibility imbalances include swayback, scoliosis, and rounded shoulders. Screening tests are one method for identifying strength problems. Tests for the evaluation of postural problems are described, and exercises are presented for the strengthening of muscles. (JN)

Flexibility is an important aspect of all sports and recreational activities. Flexibility can be developed and maintained by stretching exercises. Exercises designed to develop flexibility in ankle joints, knees, hips, and the lower back are presented. (JN)

Recent cross-cultural research in exercise science is enumerated along with a list of congresses and symposia and international organizations supporting such research. (JMF)

Cardiovascular endurance is defined as the ability of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system to provide the cells of the body with the necessary substances to perform work for extended periods of time. People beginning such a program need to have an understanding of warming-up, intensity, duration, and frequency of an exercise program. (JN)

Precautionary measures that should be taken by individuals to provide for safer participation in a vigorous exercise program are outlined, including the need for physical examinations, physical conditioning and warm-up, proper clothing and equipment, and awareness of environmental hazards. (JMF)

Practical guidelines for physical education teachers concerning the right amount of exercise to develop and maintain health-related fitness among students are outlined, along with some techniques for developing student motivation. (JMF)