Presents models through which educators can examine rationale for putting lives of others at risk. Reviews "Adventure Experience Paradigm" for facilitating changes. Considers components of exploration, experimentation, adventure, peak adventure, misadventure, devastation, and disaster. Suggests "Normal Life Risk" model as common means to justify…

Examines, compares, and contrasts New Zealand and Australian model programs of outdoor leadership development based upon the British Mountain Leadership Certificate System. Offers ideas on risk management and the issue of certification. (NEC)

Presents a new definition of outdoor education. Describes the different approaches to outdoor education advocated in adventure education and environmental education. Proposes that an integration of approaches can result in a functional outdoor education experience. (ML)

Five stages of development in the facilitation of adventure experiences in order of sophistication are letting the experience speak for itself; speaking for the experience by the instructor; debriefing the experience through reflection; frontloading the experience with prebriefing; and framing the experience isomorphically. (KS)

All 120 managers and executives of a Canadian corporation participated in a 1-day experiential training in facilitation techniques, primarily debriefing strategies to help employees learn from workplace experiences. Five months later, a representative sample of participants identified successes, barriers, and potential improvements; most reported…

Defines debriefing as a process of guiding reflection on experience in order to learn from the experience. Examines why debriefing is necessary; who runs it; and when, where, and how it is conducted. Guides facilitators through five categories of questions: review, recall, and remember; affect/effect; summation; application; and commitment. (TD)

Examination of problem-focused and solution-focused facilitation approaches used with functional and dysfunctional corporate groups found that both approaches were equally effective at increasing teamwork in functional corporate groups; that problem-focused facilitation was less effective with dysfunctional corporate groups; and that…

Debriefing is a process of guiding reflection on experience. Ideally, facilitators conduct debriefing sessions frequently and in proximity to the experience location. Includes a model "debriefing funnel" into which the facilitators pour experiences, pass those experiences through five reflective filters, and distill a learning change in…

Presents a model for facilitators of adventure-education group initiatives, group problem-solving tasks requiring cooperation and trust. Discusses initial observation and assessment of individual and group behaviors, setting objectives, preparation, group orientation, structuring the task toward objectives, implementation, guided reflection,…

Frontloading is a learning strategy used in adventure education in which participants are briefed on the learning objectives prior to the activity, thereby encouraging learning to take place before or during the event. Describes indirect frontloading techniques (paradox and double binds) that facilitate learning with clients who have…

Presents a problem-solving model for outdoor group leaders. Describes assessment, analytical and creative phases of the model, and emphasizes the importance of experience-based judgment. Discusses ways of providing experiential problem-solving opportunities in outdoor leadership preparation programs. (SV)

Five models of program evaluation--needs assessment, feasibility study, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, and cost analysis--are described, and how they differ from research is explained. Six groups of stakeholders are identified, reasons for doing evaluations are discussed, qualitative and quantitative methods are described, five stages of…

Discusses the need for women-only outdoor programs as an alternative to mixed programs, socialization and stereotyping of gender roles and behavior in society, and barriers to outdoor participation for women. Describes some women-only outdoor programs and their benefits and disadvantages. Provides recommendations concerning program design and…

A study comparing the influence of the belayor on the development of trust between rock-climbing partners in a corporate adventure training program found that permitting clients to belay each other greatly enhanced the development of trust, as opposed to employing specialized technicians or facilitators for belaying. (LP)

Describes a model for teaching environmental education that includes progressive stages involving receptivity to learning, recognition of environmental ethics, and response to environmental issues through informed personal decisions. Discusses the importance of learner reflection and the moral dilemmas involved in teaching environmental education.…