The application of exclusionary discipline practices among students with disabilities (SWDs) receiving special education (SPED) services is a widespread concern. In a local school district in Texas, SWDs receiving special education services are experiencing higher rates of disciplinary exclusions than the state's acceptable total disciplinary…

Restorative practices provide alternatives to punitive practices, such as exclusionary discipline and zero tolerance policies. Restorative practices are important for elementary school counselors because they help repair the harm students do to one another while building positive relationships between and among students. A lack of understanding…

Research has shown that nationally, there is a difference in school discipline rates for minority students compared to White students (Anyone et.al, 2021; Wiley, 2021). Black and Brown students have higher rates of exclusionary school discipline, like in-school and out of school suspension, and receive more strict consequences for the same…

This study investigates the correlation between student expulsions due to the zero-tolerance discipline policy and dropout rates in the East Baton Rouge Parish School System (EBRPSS), focusing on students in grades 9-12 from 2015 to 2022. Additionally, it examines potential disparities in dropout rates between the northern and southern regions of…

Existing research consistently indicates that Black girls are assigned disproportionately exclusionary disciplinary consequences such as, suspension and expulsion rates, surpassing their White counterparts and Black boys. According to the Report to Congressional Requesters, (United States Governmental Accountability Office, 2018), exclusionary…

While the problems of exclusionary discipline are clear, we are still left with unanswered questions about educator training in this area. The decision to suspend or expel a student not only affects their immediate future but also, more importantly, may have deeper implications for the rest of their life as well as for their community and for…

This quantitative correlational study aimed to investigate how the implementation of exclusionary disciplinary measures impacts the academic performance of African American students in urban school districts of Louisiana, and to explore gender differentials in the application of exclusionary discipline practices. Linear regression results indicate…

African-American students received a disproportionate number of exclusionary disciplinary practices in a Northeastern U.S. state compared to other ethnicities (Open Data, 2021). This parallels a national trend, regarding implementation of school disciplinary practices among Black pupils in the United States. "Although African-American…

This study examined the effect of specific disciplinary actions such as in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions, and expulsion on student achievement in public high schools. School discipline data from 1291 students educated within a school district in Tennessee were obtained and analyzed against Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System…

Disproportionate rates of behavioral problem reporting and consequences for African American males have occurred for decades. With the consequences surrounding problem behaviors typically removing the student from the classroom, whether to the principal's office or for an in-school or out-of-school suspension, time spent in the classroom for…

There is extensive research on the racial disparities of Black students receiving exclusionary disciplinary consequences (Welch et al., 2002; Fenning & Rose, 2007; Fowler, 2011; Skiba et al., 2011; Skiba et al., 2014; Hirschfield, 2018). Khalifa et al. (2016) stated "the principalship is also the most recognizable position in a school,…

Black boys in K-12 education are disproportionately subjected to suspensions and expulsions, impeding their academic progress, personal development, and self-perception and perpetuating a cycle of systemic marginalization. This study explored this urgent matter through the perspective of my Black son, Kyree, whose narratives provide insight into…

National trends show that students with disabilities are often disciplined more harshly than regular or general education students. This study aims to compare the percentage of suspensions and expulsions given to students in Louisiana with disabilities and general education students in Head Start through grade twelve over a five-year period based…

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore how Southern California middle school teachers trained in Restorative Justice describe their use of learned practices to establish fair and supportive environments, foster positive relationships, and address conflict and repair harm to decrease the use of exclusionary discipline.…

The purpose of this study was to examine how Pleasant Academy (a pseudonym), implemented and experienced Restorative Practices. This approach represents an alternative to traditional, punitive disciplinary actions, such as suspension or expulsion. Mansfield et al. (2018) maintained that Restorative Practices did not have a single definition but…