Correlation matrices and standard deviations are the building blocks of many of the commonly conducted analyses in published research, and AERA and APA reporting standards recommend their inclusion when reporting research results. The authors argue that the inclusion of correlation/covariance matrices, standard deviations, and means can enhance…

Analysts differ quite heatedly over the use of principal components rather than principle axis factor analysis. The difference between the two approaches involves the entries used on the diagonal of the matrix of associations that is analyzed. This paper uses an actual data set (N=539; variables =98) to illustrate that these two methods converge…

This paper briefly explains the logic underlying the basic calculations employed in canonical correlation analysis. A small hypothetical data set is employed to illustrate that canonical correlation analysis subsumes both univariate and multivariate parametric methods. Several real data sets are employed to illustrate other themes. Three common…

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a statistical procedure frequently used to test the fit of data to measurement models. Published CFA studies typically report factor pattern coefficients. Few reports, however, also present factor structure coefficients, which can be essential for the accurate interpretation of CFA results. The interpretation…

A general linear model framework is used to suggest that structure coefficients ought to be interpreted in structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) studies in which factors are correlated. Two heuristic data sets make the discussion concrete, and two additional studies illustrate the benefits of CFA structure coefficients.…

A study involving 256 adolescents focused on differences in results on androgyny from administration of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). The subjects ranged in age from nine to 17 years. The subject group was 75% male and 25% female. Confirmatory and second-order factor analyses of the data were used. Results based on confirmatory maximum…

The Career Assessment Diagnostic Inventory evaluates six career indecision factors: family conflict, emotional independence, decision-making anxiety, identity development, career information, and career self-efficacy. Factor analysis and convergent validity results of scores of 539 students supported the instrument's validity. (SK)

Expectations for reporting factor analysis results as part of construct validation are explored in the context of emerging views of measurement validity. Desired practices are discussed for both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. A short computer program for conducting parallel analysis is included. (Author/SLD)

A "doubly-centered" raw data matrix is one for which both columns and rows have both unit variance and means equal to zero. The factor scores from one analysis are the same as factor pattern coefficients from the other analysis except for a variance adjustment. This study explored an extension of the reciprocity principle which may have…

This paper explains how Q-technique factor analysis can be used to identify types or clusters of people with similar views. Q-technique factor analysis can be implemented with commonly available statistical software such as the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The paper addresses three questions: (1) How many types (factors) of…

Several important issues related to canonical correlation have been recognized and resolved during the last several years. The purpose of this presentation is to offer an organized, comprehensive, and current annotated bibliography of the many recent developments and extensions of canonical methods. The bibliography does not emphasize references…

Adequacy coefficients can be derived by calculating the cosines of the angles between factors' actual and theoretically expected locations within factor space. The use of adequacy coefficients during instrument development is discussed. The development of an instrument to measure thinking interests provides a heuristic framework for the…

The calculation of second-order results in the validity assessment of measures and some useful interpretation aids are presented. First-order and second-order results give different and informative pictures of data dynamics. Several aspects of good practice in interpretation of second-order results are presented using data from 487 subjects…

A procedure for estimating reliability in a factor analytic context, when reliability of the extracted factors is not an emphasis, is identified. The procedure is an extension of Dressel's work and might be applied in attitude measurement. It assesses how homogeneous the weighted original item responses are, when they are scored for pattern…

There has been much literature on the effectiveness of program evaluation. Many feel evaluation has lost its justification; others are more optimistic and feel evaluation can make a difference if the use levels are viewed realistically. Administrators must not regard program evaluation as merely complying with various agency requirements or…