Publication Date
| In 2025 | 0 |
| Since 2024 | 0 |
| Since 2021 (last 5 years) | 0 |
| Since 2016 (last 10 years) | 0 |
| Since 2006 (last 20 years) | 1 |
Descriptor
Source
| Distance Education | 1 |
Publication Type
| Journal Articles | 1 |
| Reports - Research | 1 |
| Tests/Questionnaires | 1 |
Education Level
| Higher Education | 1 |
| Postsecondary Education | 1 |
Audience
Location
Laws, Policies, & Programs
Assessments and Surveys
What Works Clearinghouse Rating
Peer reviewed
Direct linkPaul, Ravi C.; Swart, William; Zhang, Aixiu Monica; MacLeod, Kenneth R. – Distance Education, 2015
Transactional distance has been defined as barriers to students' engagement with learning in the online environment. This research updates Zhang's (2003) scale of transactional distance, which quantified the extent of the barriers, in light of the massive changes in today's web-based learning environment. The resulting revised scale of…
Descriptors: Distance Education, Structural Equation Models, Online Courses, Barriers
