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Lee, Chun-Ting; Zhang, Guangjian; Edwards, Michael C. – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2012
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is often conducted with ordinal data (e.g., items with 5-point responses) in the social and behavioral sciences. These ordinal variables are often treated as if they were continuous in practice. An alternative strategy is to assume that a normally distributed continuous variable underlies each ordinal variable.…
Descriptors: Personality Traits, Intervals, Monte Carlo Methods, Factor Analysis
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de Winter, J. C. F.; Dodou, D.; Wieringa, P. A. – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2009
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is generally regarded as a technique for large sample sizes ("N"), with N = 50 as a reasonable absolute minimum. This study offers a comprehensive overview of the conditions in which EFA can yield good quality results for "N" below 50. Simulations were carried out to estimate the minimum required "N" for different…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Factor Analysis, Enrollment, Evaluation Methods