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Direct linkKhosravani, Mahmood; Rostamian, Morteza; Ashraf, Hamid; Motallebzade, Khalil – Language Testing in Asia, 2022
Though the emergence of standardized testing promoted classical approaches such as summative achievement tests, it brought about serious criticisms regarding the stakes of these tests and their consequences on different dimensions of education. Exploring these consequences attracted researchers' attention in education. A mass of studies are…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Language Tests, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Caro, Daniel H.; Sandoval-Hernández, Andrés; Lüdtke, Oliver – School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2014
The article employs exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to evaluate constructs of economic, cultural, and social capital in international large-scale assessment (LSA) data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006 and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009. ESEM integrates the…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Cultural Capital, Social Capital, Economic Factors
