The aim of the present study is to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) as part of the study of affective variables using a sample of English as a foreign language (EFL) university students in Morocco. Two hundred and six (N = 206) participants of undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate levels…

Motivation is crucial in the pace and success of language learning, and the effect of motivation on language learning has been extensively studied. Many scales have been developed to measure the motivation levels of the students. However, there are a limited number of studies conducted to specifically measure the motivation towards English…

Intercultural communication research has highlighted the significance of intercultural communication apprehension/anxiety measurement and instrument development in diverse sociocultural contexts. This study embarked on developing and validating a scale, the Perceived Intercultural Communication Anxiety/Apprehension Scale (PICAS) in the English as…

As testing involves various aspects of education as well as the ones who are involved like instructors, students, managers, teacher trainers, testers, and decision-makers, it comes to be highly crucial to develop ethical tests. In addition, as some methods of testing are more favored and practiced compared to others without considering the ethical…

The idea of sources other than the test-takers' knowledge leading to different results on high-stakes tests was the motif based on which the present investigation was initiated on the probable sources of unreliability of a test. For this purpose, the researchers went through a thorough literature review with the aim to identify the issues to be…

This study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of a self-efficacy questionnaire in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in a Vietnamese sample of university students. A total of 656 non-English-major students completed the questionnaire in an online format. SPSS version 24, SPSS AMOS, and SmartPLS 3 were employed to analyze the data.…

Recent AI-based language learning research highlights learners' crucial role, yet university learner readiness in ChatGPT-based English learning remains unexplored. Accordingly, this current research attempted to develop and validate a tool to evaluate university learner readiness for ChatGPT-assisted English learning (LRCEL) to address the…

In 1988 and 2006, "Applied Linguistics" published Low's and Littlemore and Low's seminal theoretical accounts of second language (L2) metaphoric competence (MC). Meanwhile, attempts to elicit metaphor-related skills/competences have been mixed. Instrumentation has varied in reliability, been limited in scope, and used arguably flawed…

This study intended to provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the ELL Education Self-Efficacy Scale. Embedded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the scale was created to assess mainstream pre-service teachers' self-efficacy in teaching English Language Learners (ELLs). The participants of this study were pre-service teachers whose…

In the present study, a MALL TPACK questionnaire was developed and validated based on a TPACK framework. Data were collected from 414 EFL teachers. The development of the questionnaire involved a comprehensive review of existing literature, examination of existing questionnaires, and interviews with experts. This process resulted in an initial…

As artificial intelligence (AI) technology continues to advance, its influences across various industries have grown, leading to increasing levels of anxiety, including that in education. Nonetheless, in terms of current knowledge, the literature lacks a valid scale to measure AI anxiety among EFL teachers, particularly university EFL teachers.…

The Online Interaction Learning Model was founded on constructivist learning theory. It is an input-process-output model based on moderating variables, the inputs, which includes all of the characteristics of the courses, the instructors, EFL learners, and the technology. Due to the fact that the studies considering the pivotal role of the Online…

Given the significance of boredom and its detrimental effects on the English as a foreign language (EFL) students' academic achievements, this study utilised an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to initially explore the boredom factors in EFL classes among a sample of 139 university students and then develop and validate the Precursors…

Though the emergence of standardized testing promoted classical approaches such as summative achievement tests, it brought about serious criticisms regarding the stakes of these tests and their consequences on different dimensions of education. Exploring these consequences attracted researchers' attention in education. A mass of studies are…

The contemporary era of learning-oriented assessment (LOA) demands teacher professional efforts to appropriately and accurately assess learners' attainment and use the assessment results for the enhancement of learning. In second/foreign language (L2) discipline, this has recently brought language assessment literacy (LAL) to the forefront,…