Purpose: This study reports on the development, validation and measurement invariance of the Multicultural Competency Scale (MCS) for pre-service teachers. Research Methods: Data from 640 pre-service teachers were collected for two studies. After data screening procedures 628 responses were left. The data were divided into two sets for exploratory…

This study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the 21-item Spiritual Competency Scale (SCS-R-II) with data from 176 participants. Moreover, this study examined correlations between the SCS-R-II and the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale, and the descriptive characteristics of participants' scores on the SCS-R-II.

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale in order to identify the critical mutlicultural education competencies of teachers. For this reason, first of all, drawing on the knowledge in the literature, a new conceptual framework was created with deductive method based on critical theory, critical race theory and critical multicultural…

Background: One trade-off for increased independence of adults with intellectual disabilities in developing countries is that they may find themselves more exposed to the negative perceptions held by the general population regarding the mentally ill and disabled. The aim of this study was to adapt and translate a tool to measure felt stigma in…

The absence of empirical research on strategies for addressing multicultural resistance is due, in part, to the lack of available measures of the construct. The purpose of this study was to redefine multicultural resistance by utilizing Brehm's theory of psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966; Brehm & Brehm, 1981) to develop a reliable and valid…

This article reports on the development and initial validation of the multidimensional Multicultural Teaching Competency Scale (MTCS). Data from 506 pre- and in-service teachers were collected in three interrelated studies. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested a 16-item, two-factor solution: (a) multicultural teaching skill and (b)…

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the common assumption that teachers of color (TOC) are more culturally competent than White teachers by assessing physical education teachers' cultural competency. A secondary purpose was to ascertain the possible differences in cultural competence levels of White teachers in diverse school settings versus…

Examined the validity of scores on the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (J. Phinney, 1992) on a group of 275 academically talented adolescents at an enrichment program. The two-factor solution reported by Phinney was essentially replicated in this sample using exploratory factor analysis, with reliability coefficients of 0.89 for Ethnic Identity…

The authors present 3 studies on the initial validity and reliability of the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (SEE), a self-report instrument that measures empathy toward people of racial and ethnic backgrounds different from one's own. Specifically, the exploratory factor analysis yielded 4 factors: Empathic Feeling and Expression, Empathic…