This qualitative study explored the dynamic aspects of American Indian language integration in education along with language revitalization efforts. Due to the special government to government relationship between the Tribes and the federal government, formal Native American education began with forced assimilation and language loss was linked to…

Through his many works calling for the evolution of indigenous theory, Duane Champagne has emphasized the importance of recovering indigenous voices such as Chilocco Indian Industrial School graduate Mack Setima's and documenting forms of cultural continuity. According to Champagne, case studies such as K. Tsianina Lomawaima's scholarship on…

The reality of tribal nationhood and the dual citizenship that Native Americans carry in their tribal nations and the United States significantly expands the definition and parameters of citizen education. Citizenship education means including and understanding the historical and political contexts of all U.S. citizens--especially, those…

Eunice Woodhull Stabler. Eunice Stabler, or Thataweson , meaning "Pale Woman of the Bird Clan," was born in 1885 on the Omaha Reservation in northeastern Nebraska. During a period of continued transitions and federal assimilation efforts directed at the Omaha people--and Indigenous people throughout the United States--Stabler remained…

Interactions among Shawnees, Quakers, and Indian agent William Wells illustrate the frustrations of tribes that sought acculturation in the early nineteenth century. Although William Kirk and other Quaker missionaries established good relations with Shawnees eager to learn White agricultural practices, their successes were undone by bureaucratic…

Progressive-era bureaucrats viewed subdivision of Indian lands, establishment of tribal governments, and transfer of federal responsibilities to the states as stages of a single policy of gradual integration of Indians. Arthur Ludington's 1912 long-term plan for citizenship training and assimilation accurately anticipated events of the next 50…

The paper is about White control of Indian education; how Euro-Canadian missionaries and government agents worked hand-in-hand in their relentless attempts to transform Indian people into their own image. The shrill and persistent theme of Euro-Canadians was how best to civilize and Christianize the Indians. Controlled situations in school and in…

Describes the activities of the Indian Rights Association between 1923 and 1936, with particular attention to the adverse effect of the allotment policy (division of tribal lands into individually owned plots) on the Five Civilized Tribes. (MH)

Journal editor and founder of the National Indian Defence Association, Thomas Bland was a unique, persistent voice crying for retention of Indian rights in the 1880s. Although accepting the goal of Indian assimilation, Bland insisted it must be gradual and voluntary, and vigorously opposed coercive allotment of reservation land. (SV)

In 1929, the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma adopted their first written constitution, which created an elected tribal council. Through this council, educated and acculturated young men took power from traditional chiefs and elders. Land claims and dealings with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1929-37, are discussed. (SV)

Traditionally, Native Americans educated their children through the oral transmission of beliefs and values. Christian missions dominated Indian education from the 16th to the 19th century and began the process of erasing Native American identity and culture. After the Civil War, control of 73 Indian agencies was assigned to 13 religious…

The goal of assimilating American Indians into an alien culture seemed inevitable as superior weaponry and foreign diseases conquered the Indians. Only in the 20th century has serious consideration been given to allowing Indians to choose their own destiny. Using many excerpts from historical accounts, this book describes educational efforts by…

During the late nineteenth century, policymakers undertook an intense campaign to assimilate Indians through education. The author examines three perspectives of that time: (1) the Protestant ideology, (2) the civilization-savagism paradigm, and (3) the quest for land by Whites. He explores how these translated into concrete educational policy.…

Relates the history of the Friends of the Indian, an influential turn-of-the-century organization which attempted to rescue Indians from their prisoner-pauper status by facilitating their assimilation and total integration into the larger society. (DM)

Educational exchange between American Indians and outsiders is examined in three periods. From first contact to the mid-1800s, knowledge was exchanged relatively equally. From the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s, acculturation was imposed upon American Indians. The political liberalism of the 1960s spawned renewed interest in Indian culture and rights,…