The assumptions that biological differences between the sexes are universal, inevitable, and desirable, and that they justify the social inequality of the sexes, were examined. It was suggested that feminists base demands to remedy this imbalance on the proposition that sex differences are due to both nurture and nature. (Author/KR)

Traces the history of women playwrights' contributions to the dramatic art in Spain from the 1940s to the 1980s. Discusses the progression from conformity to the establishment's expectations, to revision of form and content to better reflect the female perspective. Provides examples of plays that depict this progression. (JS)

Assesses feminism and economics, redefining the field of economics from its contemporary emphasis on rationality and market forces to an emphasis on provisioning, suggesting more balanced and adequate theoretical and methodological approaches and noting that neoclassical economics is a parody of what feminist scholars of science argue against.…

The work of a number of American literary critics on the novels of contemporary Spanish women are reviewed. It is argued that the criticism generally suffers from ethnocentrism and lacks insight into the reality of the lives of Spanish women. The works of Matute, Martin, Gaite, and Quiroga, among others, are discussed. (EF)

Discusses whether the presence of feminism in science has changed science, discounting the idea that simply encouraging more women to enter science will necessarily produce change and stressing the need for governmental funding and initiatives on women and gender in science. Argues for multiple arenas for change (research priorities, domestic…

The growing literature on men is clearly a response to the cultural ferment generated by feminism. However, as in the discussion of women's lives since the first advent of feminism, centuries of assumptions do not give way readily to appropriate scientific skepticism. (Author/MC)

Theories of animal and human society based on sex and reproduction have been powerful in legitimating beliefs in the natural necessity of aggression, competition, and hierarchy. Feminists attempting to answer this bias are caught in a political-scientific struggle to formulate and articulate adequate biosocial theories. (Author/KR)

Justification of male dominance in society has been based frequently on findings in biobehavioral sciences, especially the science of animal groups. The natural and social sciences must be remade and forged in a dialectical understanding of social relations that is not based on domination. (Author/KR)

Discusses the oppression of all women by White men. Distinguishes and explains the following two forms of oppression: (1) seduction of White women; and (2) rejection of women of color. Examines feminist theory and its historical exclusion of women of color. A redefinition of womanhood and the need for unified political mobilization are also…

Analysis of Al-Anon and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOA) organizational literature shows women's articulation of and responses to the problems of codependence from the 1950s to the 1980s. Progressive appropriation of feminist ideals, a critique of the family, and a disease-based model of family dysfunction characterize understanding of…

Presents a theory of the connections between disabilities and gender, arguing that because bodies are so central to gender, people with disabilities are vulnerable to being denied gender recognition. Though both sexes experience devaluation and discrimination when disabled, being disabled further diminishes women's already devalued status. For…

Recent technological developments in interfaces, programing philosophy, and artificial intelligence may invite the participation of women programers, who find a concrete, intuitive, and informal style of programing more congenial than the hierarchical, rule-driven style heretofore pervasive in computer culture. (DM)

Using a Marxist framework modified by recent feminist theory, analyzes the work of three seventeenth- and eighteenth-century women writers. Illustrates how women's historical participation in production for consumption rather than exchange gave rise to the polyvocal critical perspective essential to the novel's identity. (CJS)

Concepts that these four feminists had about science as a body of knowledge are quite different due to the time span involved. The modern idea that the human species has outgrown nature separates Firestone from the earlier authors of the classics of feminist thought. (Author/KR)

For feminists and traditionalists alike, there is a tendency to think of sexual inequalities as the creation of biologically based differences that oppose women and men, rather than (like political and social inequalities) the product of social relationships in concrete, changeable societies. (Author/GC)