Grammar can be viewed both as knowledge and as ability. When viewed as knowledge, the focus is on rules for sentence formation. When viewed as ability, the focus is on how grammar is used as a resource in the creation of spoken and written texts. Twelve principles are proposed as the basis for a pedagogy that focusses on acquiring learning to use…

It is a fact that each individual is unique. This uniqueness can be physical, emotional, intellectual and/or spiritual. It follows then that in any given learning environment each learner has unique abilities and needs. Consequently, classrooms everywhere, even if they are streamed, are of a mixed-ability nature. Having recognised this factor in…

A sequel to the booklet "A Review of the Different Types of Instructional Materials Available to Teachers and Lecturers," this booklet begins by looking at the potential role of non-projected displays in different instruction situations, i.e., mass instruction, individualized learning, and group learning. Four main classes of non-projected…

The use of the learning task as a basic planning and instructional tool for communicative second language instruction is discussed, and considerations and procedures for designing such tasks are outlined. A task is defined as a piece of classroom work that involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing, or interacting in the target…

This brief essay explores the possible educational uses of cable television, and discusses how teachers can become involved in developing educational programs for cable. The paper begins by presenting practical steps that need to be taken if educational requirements are to be met in the highly commercial environment of cable television, and…

A sequel to the booklet "A Review of the Different Types of Instructional Materials Available to Teachers and Lecturers," this booklet begins by looking at the various ways in which linked audio and still visual materials can be used in different instructional situations, i.e., mass instruction, individualized learning, and group learning. Some of…

This manual was developed to train primary health care facilitators and health educators in the construction and use of low-cost supplementary learning materials that are both socially relevant and participatory in nature. The curriculum is organized to provide the facilitator with a course outline and syllabus, suggested list of supplies,…

Designed as a working and teaching tool for development workers, this manual includes the step-by-step process for preparing a photonovel. Chapter 1 introduces the photonovel, a blend of comic book and motion picture that substitutes photographs for the stylized drawings. It lists its advantages and disadvantages as an educational medium and tool…

A sequel to the booklet "A Review of the Different Types of Instructional Materials Available to Teachers and Lecturers," this booklet begins by discussing the main educational uses of the overhead projector and its various strengths and weaknesses. Basic guidelines for using the overhead projector effectively are then offered, which include ways…

This book, which is intended as a practical guide for British teachers and tutors involved in career guidance, explains the process of helping students develop Individual Action Plans (IAPs). IAPs are plans outlining individual personal, vocational, and educational aspirations that students develop in a series of discussion sessions with an…

Student-generated materials are a means by which students may be brought into the role of active participant in their own second language learning processes. To create their own materials, students can engage in the following types of activities: (1) performance, or those in which the student prepares and delivers a message to the group (e.g.,…

The review of research and literature discusses the relationship between academic research activity and the teaching of English as a second language (ESL). Attitudes toward the research/teaching relationship are examined, and criticisms over the past decade are summarized. A model is offered of the most common, top-down conception of the flow of…

This booklet, which is part of a series of guidelines for national managers of Health Learning Materials projects participating in the World Health Organization's Interregional Health Learning Materials Programme, is intended to help trainers of health personnel recognize and learn to avoid some of the common pitfalls in producing educational…

The use of small cards containing grammatical forms for classroom second language practice is explained, and suggestions for designing card sets are made. The technique involves pairing students, providing each with a different but related card, and requiring them to work together to answer each other's question. Cards may contain a variety of…

A sequel to the booklet "A Review of the Different Types of Instructional Materials Available to Teachers and Lecturers," this booklet begins by looking at how audio materials can be used in different types of instructional situations, i.e., mass instruction, individualized learning, and group learning. The basic principles of sound recording and…