After independence India's leaders committed the country to democracy with universal franchise and to pursuing a socialistic pattern of society. As part of these interlocking projects, it was widely recognised that India's educational systems needed reform. However, with scarce resources, Indian policy-makers faced the dilemma of whether to…

Recounts the creation of an ethnographic study of literacy acquisition among nomadic pastoralists in Gujarat (India). Describes the project's goals and methods, research problems, and experiments with Regenerated Freirean Literacy Through Empowering Community Techniques (REFLECT) methods for literacy learning. Concludes with suggestions for future…

Proposes a typology for examining Indian educational thought and experiments: the British period and its legacy, basic education, elementary education, higher education, adult education and literacy, and other trends. Concludes the essential prototype of education as represented by the university and the formal school system has remained India's…

Reports on procedures of teacher preparation for experimental lifelong education programs developed in Germany, Singapore, Hungary, Australia, and India. The programs were part of a research project employing principles of lifelong education including (1) horizontal integration of formal, nonformal, and informal learning, and (2) democratization…