Considers issues concerning the education of minorities, in Europe and elsewhere, by examining the vexed question of the nature of identity. Offers the concept of identity "markers," now most commonly nationality and citizenship, but changeable in times of crisis. Discusses culture switching, intermediate or multiple cultural identities,…

Japan's economic success may have its origins in its educational system, which instills the values of persistence and hard work in children. This process is begun by Japanese mothers, continues throughout preschool and school, and is reinforced by cultural beliefs and practices. In one study, task persistence was significantly greater among…