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Özkale, Ufuk; Kanadli, Sedat – International Journal of Progressive Education, 2021
This study classifies the verbal feedback of science teachers into praise statements, effort-based feedback statements, negative feedback statements, and ability-based statements, which are also regarded as feedback strategies. The study aims to investigate the feedback strategies used by science teachers in the classroom setting using descriptive…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Science Teachers, Classroom Environment, Positive Reinforcement
Xu, Lihua; Barnes, Laura L. B. – International Journal of Testing, 2011
Measurement invariance of the 8-factor Inventory of School Motivation (McInerney & Sinclair, 1991) between American and Chinese college students was tested using single-group and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. A Mandarin Chinese version of the ISM was developed for this study. Comparisons of latent means were conducted when…
Descriptors: College Students, Factor Analysis, Positive Reinforcement, Mandarin Chinese