A key Dutch policy has been enabling people to acquire minimum competencies for labor market entry and continued employment. However, policy should not be interpreted rigidly. Lack of initial qualifications is not necessarily related to early school leaving, and initial competence should include the foundation for lifelong learning. (SK)

This literature review examines seven issues: describing minimum requirements for qualifications, distinguishing qualification levels, recognizing prior learning, using short courses, recording competency-based assessment results, keeping records of individual achievement, and deciding whether to record exact competencies. Recent movements to…

Examines assumptions about Britain's Management Charter Initiative (MCI)--a competency-based approach to management education. Explores delegate motivation, significant in the process of accrediting prior learning. (JOW)