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Shohamy, Elana – TESOL Quarterly: A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect, 2022
The paper reports on trends in language testing taking place over the years and aim at critical perspectives of testing and promoting inclusion, equity and justice. It begins with critical theories by Messick, Foucault and Bourdieu, leading to critical language testing (CLT) which focused on consequences and uses of tests. Given the power of tests…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Testing, Multilingualism, Social Justice
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Wood, Elizabeth Ann – International Journal of Early Years Education, 2014
This article troubles the established discourse of free choice and free play in early childhood education, and develops post-structural approaches to theorising children's agency in the context of institutional and relational power structures. It is widely accepted that planning a curriculum based on children's needs, interests and patterns of…
Descriptors: Early Childhood Education, Play, Naturalistic Observation, Qualitative Research