This paper examines the prevalence and the costs of pre-entry coaching programs before and after the introduction of the Unified State Examination in Russia. The efficiency of private tutoring under the new standardized university admission procedures is estimated. It is argued that the main types of pre-entry coaching are still in demand, however…

Case studies were made of the cost and efficient utilization of resources for inservice education and training of teachers (INSET) in England, Australia, the United States, Denmark, Sweden, and France. The studies were prepared on the basis of four main topics: (1) analysis of costs; (2) efficient or full utilization of resources; (3) financing;…

This manual is designed to provide primary health care program managers with guidance on how to use cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis as tools to achieve better understanding and management of resource flows. Although it has been prepared primarily for program managers at national, regional, and district levels, other health…