A Finnish program of professional development among entry-level teachers over one year used teacher portfolios to promote reflection and self-assessment on teaching experiences. Developmental essays written by participating teachers were analyzed for their reflectiveness, degree of professional autonomy, and focus on contextual factors and…

A program for newly appointed lecturers in general practice at the University of Leicester's (England) medical school focuses on development of both teaching and assessment skills and encourages self-appraisal. Participant progress is monitored by direct evaluation and video-recording, with regular feedback an important feature. (Author/MSE)

This paper sketches major programs for adult education in Sweden, the Soviet Union, France, and England and considers several policy implications for adult education in the United States. The first section examines the reforms in Swedish public education designed to facilitate social equality, with special emphasis on the study circle. A…