Improving the digital citizenship of secondary vocational students is critical for cultivating vocational talents in education. It is an inevitable requirement for modernizing vocational education. Focusing on social media competence, this study explores possible ways to improve the digital citizenship of secondary vocational students. A total of 469 secondary vocational students in Wuhan city, Hubei province, were investigated using questionnaires. The data analysis shows that the four dimensions of social media competence (technical use, content interpretation, content generation, and anticipatory reflection) significantly predict digital citizenship. On this basis, we propose four paths for improving the digital citizenship of secondary vocational students: creating a suitable environment for secondary vocational students to apply their skills in information technology; enhancing the ability of secondary vocational students to discriminate about information on the Internet; improving students' interpersonal communication ability when dealing with technical support; building an early warning system for secondary vocational students' behavioral perception.