The purpose of this study was to examine whether resilience would predict the frequency of non-medicinal use of prescription drugs [NMUPD] among college students. A further objective of this study was to explore differences in the frequency of NMUPD by groups based on gender identity, race, and sexual identity. A total of 1,950 undergraduate college students completed an anonymous online survey. The survey included a demographic questionnaire used to assess group differences, inventories that measured resilience and perceived levels of stress, and a survey assessing frequency of non-medicinal use of prescription drugs. The analysis of data in this study yielded mixed results. In research question 1, the hierarchical regression analysis evaluating resilience as a predictor of the combined subgroups of NMUPD did not yield significant findings. In research question 2, group differences were found for gender identity and sexual identity. For gender identity, males were 1.75 times more likely to engage in lifetime NMUPD. For sexual identity, straight participants were 0.55 times more likely to engage in lifetime NMUPD. No significant group differences were found among race in lifetime NMUPD. Additionally, no significant group differences were found among the demographic subgroups and past 30 day NMUPD. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]