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Lai, Stephanie A.; George Benjamin, Rebekah; Schwanenflugel, Paula J.; Kuhn, Melanie R. – Reading & Writing Quarterly, 2014
Fluent readers can read connected text with accuracy, automaticity, and prosody. Without practice, automaticity cannot develop in reading, and readers must focus their attention on decoding, limiting their ability to simultaneously comprehend. Researchers have traditionally assumed that fluency and comprehension have a unidirectional relationship…
Descriptors: Reading Fluency, Reading Comprehension, Reading Skills, Grade 2
Wu, Wei; West, Stephen G. – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2010
This study investigated the sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification in within-individual covariance structure, between-individual covariance structure, and marginal mean structure in growth curve models. Five commonly used fit indices were examined, including the likelihood ratio test statistic, root mean square error of…
Descriptors: Goodness of Fit, Computation, Statistical Analysis, Structural Equation Models
Leite, Walter L.; Sandbach, Robert; Jin, Rong; MacInnes, Jann W.; Jackman, M. Grace-Anne – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2012
Because random assignment is not possible in observational studies, estimates of treatment effects might be biased due to selection on observable and unobservable variables. To strengthen causal inference in longitudinal observational studies of multiple treatments, we present 4 latent growth models for propensity score matched groups, and…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Probability, Computation, Observation