This article presents a plenary address wherein the author talks about cultural clashes, about what happens when evaluation meets politics. In her address, the author talks about the kinds of clashes that occur on a regular basis between evaluative independence and the political culture it challenges, along with possible ways to predict, parry, or…

Physiocratic idealism and capitalistic industrialism were the ideological theories from which the U.S. Constitution took its primary form. The Bill of Rights was added to insure that those who implemented the Constitution would abide by underlying natural values that promote life, spiritness, and growth. The framers of the Constitution saw a group…

Judicial activism raises the question whether the people, through their elected representatives, should make decisions about social policy issues or whether these decisions will be made by appointed members of the federal judiciary. Through a series of judicial decisions, many basic social problems have become nationalized. Yet the U.S.…

All governments or ruling parties contain competing agencies, powerful individuals or small groups that are able to commit government resources to their viewpoint on foreign policy. These configurations make up the ultimate decision unit, whose properties modify the precise character of its government's actions. The first part of this paper…

We are, for the second time in a hundred years, experiencing a revolution in the politics of education. In the 1890s municipal reform wrested control of urban school systems from city political machines and their neighborhood subunits. Since then the structure of school government has rested on two types of legitimacy. These are a belief in…

Corporate management is a reorganization of local government promulgated in Great Britain by the Bains Report and reinforced by the 1974 reorganization act. It emphasizes that the departmental orientation of much of local government must give way to a broader, unifying, corporate perspective. The example of how corporate management has not worked…

This essay traces the history of the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment freedoms of assembly and petition--the "right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." These freedoms had their origins in English law and were included in a number of colonial and then state constitutions…

A collection of essays designed to provide educators and other interested individuals with contemporary perspectives on the U.S. Constitution and separation of powers is presented. Separation of powers refers to one of the enduring principles of the U.S. constitutional system of government, in which governmental powers are subject to a division of…

Governments must change their entire perspective regarding social policy to keep abreast of the rapid changes occurring in society today. Major trends in social policy and the public sector fueling this call for change include the (1) shifting needs of social services; (2) inflexibility of current well-established but rigid institutions; (3)…

Both empirical and theoretical considerations suggest that countries that have adopted federal systems of government have a tendency toward certain types of problems which may constrain the success of educational planning at every level in the educational system. Specific operational examples of such problems are lack of role clarification, and…

During the 1960s and extending through the present decade, universities have been undergoing a crisis with respect to the role of students in decisionmaking. This crisis has involved a fundamental reconsideration of the nature of university government, and the relationships of faculty to students. Presented in this paper is a case study of one of…

The contributions that George Washington and James Madison made to the creation of the United States Constitution are discussed. As host of the Mount Vernon Conference and president of the Philadelphia Convention, Washington brought to the growing movement for a new constitution great dignity and political stature. Washington's stamp of approval…

One of the basic principles of the Constitution--the separation of powers--and its contribution to the preservation and perpetuation of individual liberty is discussed. To renew public appreciation of the Constitution, our fundamental law and the philosophical foundation of our political order, is the most fitting bicentennial celebration U.S.…

In a speech given to judges, public officials, law teachers, lawyers, and students at the East China Institute of Politics and Law, Shanghai, the author discusses the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution made possible energetic government by majority rule, while also securing individual rights in their appropriate sphere. Not only does the…

The proper role and function of the Supreme Court in the United States' system of government has been a matter of great controversy in recent years. "The Federalist Papers," specifically the documents written by "Publius," have much insight to contribute to this debate. In "Federalist #78," Publius makes the case for…