The Peabody Individual Achievement Test was factor analyzed at five grade levels. Subtests composing each factor changed from the lower to upper grade levels, but abilities measured by each factor appeared constant. A close similarity between the two factors and Cattell's concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence was noted. (Author)

The average grade equivalent reading comprehension scores of students in Black schools are compared to those of students in White schools under two forms of test administration. Concludes that use of grade level testing with the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills is biased in favor of low scoring subgroups. (Author)

The use of grade equivalent scores contrasted against grade placement is widespread in the diagnosis of dyslexia and other reading disabilities. Discusses difficulties and distortions of this method. Presents an alternative method for reliably determining aptitude/achievement discrepancies. (Author)