The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many school accountability systems that rely on student-level achievement data. Many states encountered uncertainty about how to meet federal accountability requirements without typical school data. Prior research provides evidence that student achievement is correlated to students' social background, which raises…

Report cards have become so quantitative and narrowly focused that their information potential is rarely realized. Achievement test scores do not reflect creativity, curiosity, perseverance, flexibility, imagination, or true thinking ability--qualities excluded from most report cards. Educators can regain public confidence by rethinking reporting…