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Owens, Jonathan – 1983
The dependency approach to grammar, in which it is assumed that grammatical relations can be described in terms of a relation between two element types, a head and a dependent, is discussed in the context of Arabic. Operational criteria used for defining the notions of head and dependency are reviewed, and claims for the usefulness of recognizing…
Descriptors: Arabic, Contrastive Linguistics, Grammar, Linguistic Theory
Longacre, Robert E. – 1971
Translation may be compared to a cable composed of many simultaneous strands of transfer. In translation, there is replacement which involves general hierarchical organization, grammatical constructions and constituents, mapping of deep onto surface structures, classes, ordering, lexicon, phonology, concordance, points of ambiguity, and…
Descriptors: Applied Linguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, Grammar
Derrick, M. T. – USF Language Quarterly, 1975
Discusses the causative infix "dz" in Mikasuki, from the point of view of morphology and syntax, with a view to the development of an adequate linguistic description of Mikasuki grammar. (AM)
Descriptors: American Indian Languages, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, Descriptive Linguistics
Harries, Helga – 1973
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how languages express contrastive emphasis. It is argued that all contrastively emphasized constructions have underlying cleft sentences, independent of whether the surface structure is an equational or a nonequational one. It is furthermore argued that emphatic word orders are systematic and predictable…
Descriptors: Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, Descriptive Linguistics, Grammar

Householder, Fred W.; Cheng, Robert L. – Hawaii Language Teacher, 1971
This discussion of universe-scope relations in Chinese and Japanese provides a contrastive analysis of certain features in the two languages. A striking similarity in the deep structure of the noun phrase in both languages is noted and discussed in detail. Both languages have two constituents in a noun phrase which have a semantic relationship…
Descriptors: Chinese, Comparative Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure
Costello, D. P. – Slavic and East European Journal, 1962
A detailed view of the various uses in Russian of the conjunction "poka" is developed in this article. Frequent examples illustrate clausal relationships, negative constructions, aspect, and tense in typical "poka" constructions. The principal function of "poka" is related to the linguistic concept of simultaneity, and the standard dictionary…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Etymology, Form Classes (Languages)
Smith Riley B. – 1969
The phenomenon of "cross-code ambiguity" is offered as one explanation of the persistence of such Negro Nonstandard English (NNE) sentences as "The man he did it." In NNE the string "The man did it" is felt to be ambiguous, referring to either "The man who did it..." or, as in Standard English (SE), "The man did it." The use here of the pleonastic…
Descriptors: Ambiguity, Black Dialects, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure
Long, Ralph B. – 1968
In viewing the approach to English and other grammars in the light of linguistic universals, the author feels that the principal justification for deep structure analysis of English is that "deep structure analyses of all the languages of our multilingual world in combination can serve as a genuinely scientific basis of a defensible universal…
Descriptors: Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, English (Second Language), Grammar

Elerick, Charles – 1979
This research is based on the assumption that a Spanish/English bilingual is aware of the phonological and semantic relatedness of the many hundreds of pairs of transparently cognate items in the two languages. This awareness is linguistically significant in that it is reflected in the internalized grammar of the bilingual. The bilingual speaker…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Cognitive Processes, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure
Larochette, Joe – 1974
This book begins with a consideration of the relation between language as representation and the reality that is represented. The object of this study is the semantic function of syntactical relations in French and Spanish, but other languages are also used for purposes of comparison. Three principal diatheses are revealed: objective, subjective,…
Descriptors: Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, Descriptive Linguistics, Diachronic Linguistics
Anderson, Stephen R.; Andrews, Avery D. – 1972
This first volume of a three-part language research study states and illustrates that the point of departure for comparative analysis of two languages rests on a comprehensive typology in each of a number of areas of grammar. The report suggests that a limited set of functions can be isolated, and that the range of grammatical possibilities open…
Descriptors: Case (Grammar), Comparative Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure
Sajavaara, Kari; Lehtonen, Jaakko – 1978
A project designed to gather information about similarities and differences that may be important for teaching English to Finnish learners, and, to a certain extent, for teaching Finnish through English, was conducted through a systematic comparison of the two languages and an analysis of instances where the two languages come into contact. In the…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, English (Second Language)

Karttunen, Kimmo – 1977
Both English and Finnish make use of a category called the passive voice. In most cases these passives correspond to each other, but both are subject to restrictions. This paper attempts to determine how English passives overlap with the semantic area covered by the Finnish passive and what the choices are which face a speaker of Finnish in…
Descriptors: Case (Grammar), Contrastive Linguistics, Deep Structure, English
Plewes, S. Frank – 1975
This paper examines the formal means by which Czech distinguishes transitive and intransitive verbs, and specifically the role of the particle "se" in the process usually called "derived intransitivization.""Se" is shown to perform a number of functions which preclude its being called simply an "intransitivizing…
Descriptors: Case (Grammar), Contrastive Linguistics, Czech, Deep Structure

Hamalainen, Eila – 1977
This paper discusses subject-verb-complement (SVC) clauses and their renderings in English and Finnish. Comparisons are made on the level of surface structure and with regard to equivalence in the sense of one construction being an optimum translation of the other. The definition of congruence, i.e., formal similarity and equal number of…
Descriptors: Case (Grammar), Contrastive Linguistics, Descriptive Linguistics, Determiners (Languages)
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