Argues that the individualism-collectivism dichotomy overlooks values that inherently serve both individual and collective interests, ignores values that foster the goals of collectives other than the ingroup, and promotes the mistaken assumption that individualist and collectivist values form opposing syndromes. Suggests refined value types. (FMW)

The degree to which 484 Japanese, Korean, and American subjects sacrificed their self-gain to benefit in-group members in allocating a group reward was tested. Results indicated that although the effects involving culture were not significant, students in general were more individualistic than adults. (Author/BJV)

Twenty groups of 9-11 year old boys and girls from an Arab village played a game which required interaction among them to obtain prizes. Boys were more cooperative than girls. (DM)

Identifies various theories of individual and group influences on the performance control process. Both Japanese and American managers have a Rational Man theory of the individual. However, Americans see groups as helping to reduce the risk of poor performance, whereas Japanese see them as enhancing good performance. (Author/LHW)

Two age groups of Japanese and Americans were experimentally compared in the attribution of responsibility. The findings of the study were interpreted in terms of cultural differences in values and parental reward patterns, and show great cultural similarities in the attribution of responsibility. (Authors)

Chinese subjects were less likely to pursue a conflict with an in-group disputant, and more likely to pursue a conflict with an out-group disputant, than were American subjects. A conflict was more likely to be pursued if the stakes involved were large and the disputant was from an out-group. (Author/BJV)