Uses identical procedures to measure generational consciousness, class consciousness, and racial consciousness, and compares the extent of these forms of group consciousness in the United States. Concludes that, although generational consciousness may not be the most salient cleavage in American society, it is sufficiently important to warrant…

The author contrasts the fragmented nature of immigrant groups upon their arrival in America with the social and cultural unities found among ethnic groups years later. He explains this change--the process of "ethnicization"--as a consequence of two factors: ascription and adversity. (Author)

Notes that ethnicity is important to American blacks because it allows for an honest and fair appraisal of social, economic, and political circumstances and the creation of policies and programs that can best serve the needs of a heterogeneous community. (Author/AM)

Educational researchers must clarify the distinction between the terms "ethnicity" and "ethnic membership." The use of broad terms based on easily observed traits, such as racial characteristics or language, has infiltrated otherwise well-executed studies and undermined their validity. (PP)