Prior research suggests that visual features of the classroom environment (e.g., charts and posters) are potential sources of distraction hindering children's ability to maintain attention to instructional activities and reducing learning gains in a laboratory classroom. However, prior research only examined short-term exposure to elements of…

The current study investigates the impact of the teachers' societal dominant language use within a weak version of translanguaging in early heritage language education. We explored five preschool teachers' use of English, the dominant majority language, in Tamil heritage language classes in Singapore and examined its impact on 33 children's…

Background: Like adults, children need to allocate study time and endeavour optimally in order to enhance learning effectiveness. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the development of shifting from habitual to agenda-based processes on study decisions. Sample: The participants were 309 children in the second, fourth, and sixth grades.…