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Download full textManalo, Jonathan R.; Wolfe, Edward W. – 2000
Recently, the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) changed by including a writing section that gives the examinee an option between computer and handwritten formats to compose their responses. Unfortunately, this may introduce several potential sources of error that might reduce the reliability and validity of the scores. The seriousness…
Descriptors: Computer Assisted Testing, Essay Tests, Evaluators, Handwriting
Manalo, Jonathan R.; Wolfe, Edward W. – 2000
Recently, the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) changed by including a direct writing assessment where examinees choose between computer and handwritten composition formats. Unfortunately, examinees may have differential access to and comfort with computers; as a result, scores across these formats may not be comparable. Analysis of…
Descriptors: Adults, Computer Assisted Testing, Essay Tests, Handwriting
Peer reviewedWolfe, Edward W.; Manalo, Jonathan R. – ETS Research Report Series, 2005
This study examined scores from 133,906 operationally scored Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL®) essays to determine whether the choice of composition medium has any impact on score quality for subgroups of test-takers. Results of analyses demonstrate that (a) scores assigned to word-processed essays are slightly more reliable than…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Scores
