Purpose: This report compares device use in a cohort of Spanish-English bilingual and English monolingual children who are deaf and hard of hearing, including children fitted with traditional hearing aids, cochlear implants (CIs), and/or bone-conduction hearing devices. Method: Participants were 84 Spanish-English bilingual children and 85 English…

Children who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing (D/HH) present with specific challenges in language acquisition and literacy learning. For these children, developing age-appropriate language and literacy skills is often the exception, not the rule. This study defines the complex problem of disproportionate language and literacy acquisition and…