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Kyle, Kristopher; Eguchi, Masaki; Choe, Ann Tai; LaFlair, Geoff – Language Testing, 2022
In the realm of language proficiency assessments, the domain description inference and the extrapolation inference are key components of a validity argument. Biber et al.'s description of the lexicogrammatical features of the spoken and written registers in the T2K-SWAL corpus has served as support for the TOEFL iBT test's domain description and…
Descriptors: Language Variation, Written Language, Speech Communication, Inferences
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Barrett, Matthew E.; Swan, Alexander B.; Mamikonian, Ani; Ghajoyan, Inna; Kramarova, Olga; Youmans, Robert J. – International Journal of Instruction, 2014
This study examined the encoding specificity principle in relation to traditional and computer-based note taking and assessment formats in higher education. Students (N = 79) took lecture notes either by hand (n = 40) or by computer (n = 39) and then completed either a computer or a paper-based assessment. When note taking and assessment formats…
Descriptors: Notetaking, Congruence (Psychology), Higher Education, College Students