Can increasing the speed of audio narration in multimedia instruction decrease training time and still maintain learning? The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of time-compressed instruction and redundancy on learning and learners' perceptions of cognitive load. 154 university students were placed into conditions that consisted of…

College students' learning from programed materials varying in redundancy and difficulty level was investigated. Subjects with high achievement needs and low fear of failure performed better as the instructional difficulty increased. The group with high cognitive ability also performed better than the low scores when the instruction was more…