The early apprentice, his work regime, and his directive to travel are discussed. Apprentices had both a learning and a working relationship with their masters and they performed tasks that often brought them into contact with the adult world. The wanderjahre, the practice of requiring apprentices to wander, is described. (MLW)

This paper offers a comprehensive approach to creating a data base on learning to teach. It is organized chronologically around a learning-to-teach continuum. The first section deals with the pretraining phase, before prospective teachers even realize they are learning things that will shape their future teaching. The second section looks at the…

Because Japanese society has traditionally emphasized the group rather than the individual, less research has been done to understand how Japanese culture conceptualizes the individual and how that individual develops within the society. This paper focuses on the individual in Japanese society. Following an introduction (Section I), Section II…