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Liao, Shu-Min – Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education, 2023
SCRATCH, developed by the Media Lab at MIT, is a kid-friendly visual programming language, designed to introduce programming to children and teens in a "more thinkable, more meaningful, and more social" way. Although it was initially intended for K-12 students, educators have used it for higher education as well, and found it…
Descriptors: Teaching Methods, Coding, Programming Languages, Computer Science Education

Ramalingam, Vennila; Wiedenbeck, Susan – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1998
A 32-item self-efficacy scale for computer programming was developed, primed to the C++ programming language. The scale was administered to 421 students at the beginning and end of an introductory course in C++ programming. There was growth in self-efficacy between two administrations of the scale 12 weeks apart, particularly for students who…
Descriptors: Cognitive Structures, Computer Science Education, Computer Software, Higher Education