A study examined specific reading competencies after participating in Hmong literacy instruction in an after-school setting in the Thermalito, California School District, grades kindergarten through 4. Control and treatment groups were established to compare the English literacy skills of the Hmong students who participated in 40 hours of primary…

The cultural values of Hmong parents in the Hmong community of Spokane (Washington) are described and interpreted. The perceptions of Hmong refugee mothers and fathers resettled in the United States are examined with regard to the family and their roles as parents. The cultural values of the Laotian Hmong are also examined prior to and during the…

Two models for teaching fluency and literacy in English as a Second Language (ESL) and native language literacy are described and the effectiveness of these models is demonstrated. Both models use cultural sharing and problem-posing as a basis for language learning. The objectives of these teaching models are to use language learning as a vehicle…