This article analyzes the narrative experiences of Hmong American adolescent males who were labeled "at risk" or "high risk" for academic failure or underperformance by their predominantly White school counselors and teachers. Additional data sources included classroom observations at two racially diverse public high schools…

Explored how Hmong American high school students interpreted the meaning of being Hmong in the United States, examining how the culture of whiteness shaped their experiences and understandings of being American. The culture of whiteness led these students to internalize the message that whites were the only real Americans. They were very aware…