Ethnographic methodology across place and time is used to describe the perspectives of one young refugee boy and his father within the son's school experience. The research illuminates the cultural histories of refugee experience through the Pa'Ndau. The social position of visual texts within Hmong quilts in the son's elementary school and…

Researchers and practitioners alike have noted that Hmong students in the United States do not achieve as well as their monolingual peers and other bilingual students. The current mixed-methods study is designed to describe reading development and achievement of 4th-grade Hmong students in one large, urban school district. This study explores the…