Since 1975, over 3 million refugees have entered the United States, yet schools are unequipped to recognize and comprehend refugee communities' life circumstances as shaped by structural and symbolic violence. The educational experiences of second-generation Hmong American refugees highlight this neglect and its potential consequences for…

While research on Asian American students has overwhelmingly emphasized family ties as an important contributor to student success in high school, what it neglects is how family ties can constrain students in their educational endeavors. Based on a study of 30 low-income Hmong American high school students, I argue that poverty can create…

There is a need for a critical race analysis of Hmong American education that places race and racism at the center of analysis, highlights Whiteness as property and recognizes the fluid and situated racialization of Hmong American students. Majoritarian explanations of inequities in Hmong American education often describe Hmong American student…